Early signs of preeclampsia

Pregnancy is a time of joy and anticipation — and a time to be especially vigilant about your health. One pregnancy condition to watch for is preeclampsia. It’s a serious pregnancy complication that can happen quickly and be dangerous to the parent and the baby. 

Recent research has shown that preeclampsia is on the rise among young adults. Awathif D. Mackeen, MD, an OB-GYN provider and maternal-fetal medicine specialist at Geisinger, confirms the trend. "We’ve seen an increase in preeclampsia cases among younger women, which is concerning,” she says.

“Preeclampsia can have long-term health implications, particularly for the heart. Studies have shown that women who get preeclampsia during pregnancy are at a higher risk of developing heart disease later in life,” says Dr. Mackeen.

Learn how to spot the early signs of preeclampsia, how quickly it can progress, if you’re at risk for developing it and how to lower your risk. 

What is preeclampsia?

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy condition characterized by high blood pressure and often accompanied by protein in the urine. It typically occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy, but can also develop postpartum. "This is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention,” says Dr. Mackeen. “Early detection and management are crucial to ensuring the health of both the mother and the baby."

How quickly can preeclampsia develop?

Preeclampsia can develop rapidly, sometimes within a matter of days. Dr. Mackeen says, "The onset of preeclampsia can be sudden, which is why you have regular prenatal checkups scheduled. If you notice any unusual symptoms, don’t hesitate — contact your doctor just in case."

Signs and symptoms of preeclampsia

Recognizing the early signs of preeclampsia makes all the difference for timely intervention. Here are some common symptoms to watch for:

• High blood pressure: This is the primary indicator of preeclampsia. Your doctor will monitor your blood pressure at each prenatal visit.
• Protein in the urine: This is another key sign. Your doctor will test your urine for protein during routine checkups.
• Severe headaches: Persistent, severe headaches that don't respond to over-the-counter pain relievers can be a sign of preeclampsia.
• Swelling: While some swelling is normal during pregnancy, excessive swelling in the hands, face or legs can be a red flag.
• Vision changes: Blurred vision, seeing spots or sensitivity to light can indicate preeclampsia.
• Upper abdominal pain: Pain in the upper right abdomen or shoulder can be a symptom.
• Nausea or vomiting: If you have sudden nausea or vomiting, especially in the second half of your pregnancy, tell your doctor.

Postnatal preeclampsia

Preeclampsia can also occur after delivery, known as post-birth or postpartum preeclampsia. "Postpartum preeclampsia is less common but equally serious,” says Dr. Mackeen. “Symptoms can appear up to 6 weeks after delivery, so it’s important to continue monitoring your health even after you’ve given birth."

How to avoid preeclampsia

While preeclampsia can't always be prevented, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk:

• Regular prenatal care: Take your prenatal care seriously. Attend all scheduled prenatal appointments so your and your baby’s health is closely monitored.
• Healthy lifestyle: Maintain a balanced diet, stay hydrated and get regular, moderate exercise — your doctor can advise you on the right activity level for your pregnancy.
• Manage stress: Practice stress-reduction techniques such as meditation, deep breathing or prenatal yoga.
• Monitor blood pressure: Keep track of your blood pressure at home and report any significant changes to your doctor or midwife.
• Know your risk factors: Be aware of risk factors such as a history of preeclampsia, high blood pressure, diabetes or obesity. You can discuss these with your doctor to come up with a personalized care plan.

Risks for preeclampsia

Knowing your risk factors can help you take proactive steps to manage your pregnancy. Common risk factors include:

• First pregnancy: Women who are pregnant for the first time are at higher risk.
• Multiple gestation: Carrying twins, triplets or more increases the risk.
• Age: Women over 35 or under 20 are more likely to develop preeclampsia.
• Family history: A family history of preeclampsia can increase your risk.
• Pre-existing conditions: Conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes or kidney disease can raise your risk.

Preeclampsia is a serious condition, but with early detection and proper management, you can protect your health and the health of your baby. Stay informed, attend all prenatal appointments and don’t hesitate to reach out to your healthcare provider if you have any concerns. 

See also:

Bleeding in early pregnancy: When should you see your doctor? 
Managing medications during pregnancy
High-risk (maternal-fetal) pregnancy care at Geisinger