Why choose Geisinger for Chiari malformation care?
A Chiari malformation diagnosis can raise a lot of questions. Understanding what it means for your child — and what comes next — is where care begins.
Chiari malformations occur when brain tissue extends into the spinal canal, often because the skull is smaller than usual and pushes the brain downward. This affects the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination, and can impact how the brain and spinal cord function. Symptoms vary depending on your child's age and the type of Chiari malformation they have, so your care plan will be personalized to their specific needs.
A dedicated team of pediatric neurosurgeons, neurologists and specialists — including neuro-ophthalmology and sleep medicine — works together to build a care plan around your child, from diagnosis through recovery.
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FAQs
What are the types of Chiari malformations?
Chiari malformations are grouped into several types based on how much brain tissue extends into the spinal canal and how it affects surrounding structures.
- Type I: The most common type. Part of the cerebellum extends into the opening at the base of the skull. Symptoms may not appear until later in childhood or adolescence.
- Type II: Involves both the cerebellum and brainstem. This type is usually present at birth and is often associated with spina bifida.
- Type III: A rare and more severe form in which brain tissue extends through an opening in the skull.
- Type IV: A rare form in which the cerebellum remains underdeveloped and does not form normally.
Your child's care team will explain the type of Chiari malformation present and what it means for care and treatment.
What are the signs and symptoms of Chiari malformations?
Symptoms vary depending on your child’s age and type of Chiari malformation.
In older children, symptoms include:
- Headaches, especially after coughing or straining
- Neck pain
- Dizziness
- Balance or coordination problems
- Difficulty swallowing or speaking
- Trouble with fine motor skills
- Vomiting
In infants, symptoms include:
- Breathing problems
- Difficulty feeding or swallowing
- Excessive drooling
- Developmental delays
- Irritability during feeding
- Difficulty gaining weight
How are Chiari malformations diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests that show the structure of the brain and spinal canal.
Tests may include:
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Computerized tomography (CT) scans
Additional evaluations, such as sleep studies or neuro-ophthalmology exams, help build a fuller picture of your child's condition.
How are Chiari malformations treated?
Treatment depends on your child’s symptoms and the severity of their condition.
Some children may only need monitoring, while others may need surgery to relieve pressure on the brain and spinal cord.
Surgical treatment helps ease symptoms and may prevent further complications. Your care team will guide you through the options and recommend the approach that fits your child’s needs.
Chiari malformation care at Geisinger
From evaluation to long-term follow-up, we coordinate your child's care at every stage. We offer:
- Thorough evaluation: Imaging and specialized testing — including neuro-ophthalmology exams and sleep studies — help confirm the diagnosis and guide care decisions.
- Specialized surgical care: When needed, procedures relieve pressure on the brain and spinal cord to improve symptoms and prevent further complications.
- A coordinated care team: Neurosurgeons, neurologists and specialists in related fields work together to evaluate and treat your child.
- Ongoing monitoring: Regular follow-up visits help track symptoms and adjust care as your child grows.
- Support for development: Therapies help your child build coordination, movement and functional skills over time.