MS is a chronic autoimmune condition. Your immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath, also known as the protective covering of your nerve fibers. This disrupts signals between your brain and body, causing a range of symptoms.

The most common type is relapsing-remitting MS, in which symptoms come in flares followed by periods of recovery. Other types include secondary-progressive, primary-progressive and clinically isolated syndrome. Your neurologist can help determine which type you have and which treatment is right for you.

Multiple sclerosis can affect any part of your brain or spinal cord, producing a range of symptoms. You may have:

• Fatigue
• Numbness and tingling
• Weakness throughout the body
• Dizziness
• Sexual problems
• Coordination problems
• Muscle spasms
• Vision problems
• Bladder and bowel problems
• Slurred speech
• Cognitive changes
• Emotional changes and depression

Researchers haven’t pinpointed the exact cause of MS, but several factors may play a role:

• Immune system: MS is an autoimmune disease in which your immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers, also known as the myelin sheath.
• Genetics: If a close relative has MS, your risk is slightly higher.
• Environmental factors: MS is more common in regions farther from the equator, suggesting that low vitamin D levels and reduced sunlight exposure may play a role.
• Infections: Some viruses and infections have been linked to MS, including Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis.
• Lifestyle factors: Smoking and obesity are associated with an increased risk of developing MS.

Several factors may increase your risk of developing MS, including:

• Age: MS is most commonly diagnosed between ages 20 and 40.
• Sex: Women are more likely than men to develop MS, particularly the relapsing-remitting type.
• Family history: Having a close relative with MS increases your risk.
• Infections: Certain viral infections, such as Epstein-Barr, are associated with a higher risk of MS.
• Vitamin D: Low levels of vitamin D are linked to a higher risk of MS.
• Smoking: Smoking increases the risk of developing MS and can worsen its progression.
• Obesity: Being overweight, especially during adolescence, is linked to an increased risk of MS.

People with MS may be at a higher risk of shingles because disease-modifying treatments can reduce immune system function. High-dose steroids used during relapses may also increase risk. 

However, the Shingrix vaccine is safe for people with MS and can help protect you against shingles. Talk to your care team about getting vaccinated.

Your doctor may use some or all of these tests to diagnose MS:

• Medical history and neurological exam: Your doctor will review your symptoms and assess your neurological function, including reflexes, balance and coordination.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): MRI scans detect lesions or areas of damage in your brain and spinal cord.
• Lumbar puncture (spinal tap): This test analyzes your cerebrospinal fluid for specific proteins and immune cells often present in people with MS.
• Evoked potential tests: These tests measure the brain’s electrical activity in response to stimuli. They can detect abnormalities in the brain's response, which may be caused by MS.
• Blood tests: Your doctor may order blood tests to rule out other conditions that might mimic MS symptoms, such as infections or other autoimmune diseases.

Yes, there are several groups that meet regularly in central and northeastern Pennsylvania as well as virtually:

• Montour County – MS Connection Group: At Grandview Home Health, 49 Woodbine Lane, Danville. 3rd Wednesday of each month from 6:30 to 7:30 p.m.
• Tioga County – Canoe Camp Church MS Connection Group: Canoe Camp Church of Christ, 1103 S. Main St., Mansfield. 2nd Tuesday of each month, 6 to 7:30 p.m.
• Lycoming County – Williamsport MS Connection Group: River Valley Regional YMCA, 641 Walnut St., Williamsport, 4th Wednesday of each month, 6 to 7:30 p.m.
• Lackawanna County – MS Connection Group: Online, 2nd Sunday of each month, 2 to 3 p.m.
• Virtual Programs – Can Do Multiple Sclerosis Webinar: Online, 2nd Wednesday of each month, 7 to 8 p.m.